India's milk crisis, a looming threat to Livelihoods and Food Security

Satyanarayan Mohapatra

India, renowned for its vibrant dairy sector and status as the world's leading milk producer, faces an escalating crisis as climate change tightens its grip. The impacts are far-reaching, affecting not only the livelihoods of millions of farmers but also the nation's food security.

Rising temperatures are at the forefront of this crisis, causing heat stress in dairy animals, particularly buffaloes, which are more susceptible due to their thick black skin. This heat stress directly translates to decreased milk production, with studies showing potential losses of 10-30% during the first lactation and 5-20% in subsequent lactations. These effects can linger for days, significantly impacting a farmer's income and the overall milk supply.

The changing climate also disrupts the delicate balance of the ecosystem, affecting fodder and water availability. Erratic rainfall patterns lead to crop failures, causing fodder shortages and forcing farmers to purchase expensive alternatives. This financial burden, coupled with reduced milk yields, puts immense pressure on small-scale farmers, many of whom are already struggling to make ends meet.

Beyond the immediate economic impact, climate change exacerbates the spread of diseases like haemorrhagic septicaemia. This bacterial infection, thriving in humid conditions, can decimate herds, as witnessed by farmers who have lost a significant number of their cattle to this deadly disease. The emotional toll on farmers witnessing their animals suffer and die is immeasurable, further adding to the challenges they face.

While government initiatives like the National Livestock Mission aim to enhance productivity, they often fall short of addressing the specific challenges posed by climate change. A lack of targeted support and information leaves farmers ill-equipped to adapt to the changing environment. This gap needs urgent attention, with policies that acknowledge the impact of climate change on the dairy sector and provide farmers with the necessary tools and resources to mitigate its effects.

Furthermore, the role of livestock farming in contributing to greenhouse gas emissions cannot be ignored. Promoting sustainable livestock management practices, such as improved manure management and efficient feed utilization, can help reduce the carbon footprint of the dairy industry.

The crisis demands a comprehensive response. Investing in research to develop climate-resilient breeds and farming practices is crucial. Expanding access to affordable cattle insurance can provide a safety net for farmers facing losses. Empowering farmers with knowledge and resources to adapt to the changing climate is essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of India's dairy sector.

The stakes are high. Failure to address this crisis could have devastating consequences, jeopardizing the livelihoods of millions of farmers and threatening the nation's ability to meet its growing demand for milk. It is imperative that stakeholders across the board – government, researchers, and the dairy industry – work together to find solutions and secure the future of India's milk production.

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DISCLAIMER: This article is based on information from the public domain and the experts we spoke to.