National Dengue Day: Complications, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Every year on May 16th, National Dengue Day is observed in India to raise awareness about dengue fever, its prevention, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection transmitted primarily by the Aedes mosquito. With rising temperatures and monsoon seasons, the risk of dengue transmission increases, making it essential for individuals to understand the disease and take preventive measures.

Complications of Dengue:

While dengue fever typically manifests with symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and rash, it can sometimes lead to severe complications. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are severe forms of the disease characterized by plasma leakage, severe bleeding, and organ impairment. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of Dengue:

Recognizing the symptoms of dengue fever is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. Apart from the aforementioned symptoms, warning signs such as persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, rapid breathing, bleeding gums, fatigue, restlessness, and difficulty breathing may indicate severe dengue and necessitate urgent medical care.

Diagnostic Tests:

The diagnosis of dengue fever involves clinical evaluation, along with laboratory tests such as the detection of dengue virus-specific antibodies, antigen, or viral RNA in the blood. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are commonly used to confirm dengue infection and differentiate it from other febrile illnesses.

Treatment Options for Dengue:

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms, maintain fluid balance, and prevent complications. Adequate hydration, rest, and pain relief medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) are recommended. However, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin should be avoided as they can increase the risk of bleeding.

In severe cases of dengue with complications like DHF or DSS, hospitalization may be necessary. Patients may require intravenous fluids, blood transfusions to manage bleeding, and close monitoring of vital signs to prevent shock and organ failure.

Tips to Protect from Dengue:

Prevention is the cornerstone of dengue control. Here are some tips to protect yourself and your community from dengue:

Mosquito Control: Eliminate mosquito breeding sites by removing stagnant water from containers, covering water storage tanks, and using mosquito repellents or insecticides.

Wear Protective Clothing: Use long-sleeved shirts, pants, and mosquito nets to prevent mosquito bites, especially during dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active.

Use Mosquito Repellents: Apply mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin to deter mosquito bites.

Community Participation: Engage in community-based efforts such as clean-up campaigns, awareness programs, and surveillance activities to control mosquito populations and prevent dengue outbreaks.